In today’s digital age, cybersecurity has become a paramount concern for individuals and businesses alike. With the increasing prevalence of cyberattacks and the potential risks they pose, it is crucial to stay informed about the terminology and concepts surrounding cybersecurity. That is why we have compiled a comprehensive list of the top 107 cybersecurity terms, providing a quick reference guide to help you navigate the complex world of online security. Whether you are a concerned individual looking to safeguard your personal information or a business owner seeking to protect your valuable assets, this glossary will equip you with the knowledge you need to stay one step ahead of cyber threats. Join us as we delve into the realm of cybersecurity and explore the essential terms that are crucial in understanding and implementing effective security measures.
107 Top Cybersecurity Terms
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)
APT refers to a sophisticated and targeted cyberattack that is carried out over an extended period of time. It involves the use of advanced techniques and tools to gain unauthorized access to a specific target, such as an organization or individual. APT attacks are often associated with nation-state actors or highly skilled cybercriminals.
Advanced Threat Protection (ATP)
ATP encompasses a range of security solutions and practices designed to defend against advanced and evolving cyber threats. This includes technologies like next-generation firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and threat intelligence platforms that provide real-time threat analysis and proactive defense mechanisms.
Adware
Adware is a type of software that displays unwanted advertisements on a user’s device. It is often bundled with free software or downloaded unknowingly by users. Adware can negatively impact user experience, slow down the device, and even collect personal information without consent.
Anti-Botnet
Anti-Botnet tools and techniques are used to detect and prevent botnet attacks. A botnet is a network of compromised computers or devices controlled by a central command (bot herder). Anti-Botnet solutions aim to identify and block botnet communication, disrupt their command and control infrastructure, and mitigate the impact of botnet attacks.
Anti-Malware
Anti-Malware refers to software that protects against malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Anti-Malware solutions scan for and remove or quarantine malicious files or code to prevent them from compromising a user’s device or network.
Anti-Phishing
Anti-Phishing measures are implemented to protect users from phishing attacks. Phishing is a technique used by attackers to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card details, or social security numbers, by posing as a trustworthy entity via email, text messages, or fake websites. Anti-Phishing solutions help identify and block phishing attempts, reducing the risk of falling victim to such attacks.
Anti-Virus
Anti-Virus software is designed to detect, prevent, and remove computer viruses. It scans files, programs, and incoming data for known virus signatures or suspicious behavior. Anti-Virus solutions play a crucial role in protecting devices and networks from a wide range of malware threats.
Attack Vector
An attack vector refers to the method or path used by an attacker to gain unauthorized access to a target system or network. Attack vectors can include techniques such as phishing emails, malicious websites, software vulnerabilities, social engineering, or physical access to devices.
Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or device to grant access to a system or network. It typically involves the use of credentials such as passwords, biometrics, or security tokens to validate the user’s identity and ensure only authorized individuals can access sensitive information or resources.
Backdoor
A backdoor is a hidden entry point in a system or software that allows unauthorized access. It is often created by attackers or intentionally built into software for legitimate purposes such as debugging or remote administration. However, backdoors can be exploited by malicious actors to gain control over a system or network.
Banker Trojan
A Banker Trojan is a type of Trojan malware that specifically targets online banking users. It infects a victim’s device and captures sensitive information such as login credentials, banking details, or credit card information. Banker Trojans are designed to steal financial data and carry out fraudulent transactions.
Blacklist/Blocklist/Denylist
A blacklist, blocklist, or denylist is a list of items, such as IP addresses, domain names, or URLs, that are denied access or blocked. It is commonly used in security measures to prevent communication or access from known malicious sources or to restrict certain websites or content.
Bot
A bot, short for robot, is a program that performs automated tasks. Bots can be used for legitimate purposes, such as web crawling and chatbots, but they can also be malicious. Malware-infected bots, also known as botnets, are commonly used to carry out coordinated cyberattacks, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.
Botnet
A botnet is a network of compromised computers or devices that are under the control of a central command, known as a bot herder. Botnets are typically created by infecting devices with malware, turning them into “zombies” that can be remotely controlled. Botnets are often used to carry out large-scale cyberattacks, such as spam campaigns, DDoS attacks, or distributing malware.
Brute Force Attack
A brute force attack is a method of trying all possible combinations to guess a password or encryption key. Attackers use automated tools to systematically attempt different combinations until the correct one is found. Brute force attacks can be time-consuming, but they can be successful if weak or easily guessable passwords are used.
Business Continuity Plan
A business continuity plan (BCP) is a documented strategy that outlines how an organization will continue operating during and after a major disruption, such as a cyberattack, natural disaster, or system failure. BCPs include measures to ensure the availability of critical systems, data backup and recovery procedures, and communication plans to minimize the impact of disruptions.
Business Disruption
Business disruption refers to the interruption or disruption of normal business operations due to a cyberattack or other incidents. It can result in financial losses, reputational damage, and operational inefficiencies. Business disruptions can vary in severity, ranging from temporary system outages to prolonged downtime that impacts an organization’s ability to function.
BYOC (Bring Your Own Computer)
BYOC is a policy that allows employees to use their personal computers for work purposes. It can provide flexibility and cost-saving benefits for organizations, but it also introduces security risks as personal devices may not have the same level of security controls and protections as corporate-owned devices.
BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)
BYOD is a policy that allows employees to use their personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops, for work purposes. Similar to BYOC, BYOD offers flexibility and convenience but requires proper security measures to protect corporate data and ensure compliance with privacy regulations.
BYOL (Bring Your Own Laptop)
BYOL is a policy that allows employees to use their personal laptops for work purposes. It follows the same principles as BYOC and BYOD, enabling employees to use their preferred devices while organizations must implement security measures to safeguard sensitive information and maintain control over corporate data.
CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart)
CAPTCHA is a security measure used to determine whether a user is a human or a computer program (bot). It typically involves presenting users with a challenge, such as solving a visual puzzle or entering distorted characters from an image, that is easy for humans to solve but difficult for automated bots. CAPTCHA helps prevent automated bots from carrying out malicious activities, such as spamming or brute force attacks, by ensuring that only human users can proceed with certain actions or access specific resources.
Clickjacking
Clickjacking is a technique where attackers trick users into clicking on one object on a web page while they believe they are clicking on another. By overlaying transparent pages or elements, attackers can manipulate the victim’s click and redirect it to perform unintended actions, such as installing malware, gaining access to online accounts, or activating the victim’s webcam.
Clientless
Clientless refers to software or programs that can be run directly from the network without requiring installation on the user’s device. It allows users to access and use applications or services without the need for specific software or client applications.
COTS (Commercial off-the-Shelf)
COTS refers to commercially available, pre-packaged software or hardware solutions that are ready to be used or customized for a specific organization’s needs. Instead of developing custom-made solutions, organizations can purchase COTS products and adapt them to meet their requirements.
Critical Infrastructure
Critical Infrastructure refers to the essential systems and assets that are vital for the functioning and survival of an organization or a country. These systems may include power grids, transportation networks, communication systems, water supplies, and other elements that, if disrupted or compromised, could have severe consequences for public safety, national security, or economic stability.
Cryptojacking
Cryptojacking involves hackers using compromised devices to mine cryptocurrency without the owner’s knowledge or consent. This can be done by installing malicious software on the target computer or by exploiting vulnerabilities to hijack the device’s processing power. Cryptojacking can occur through malicious websites, online ads, or infected files and can significantly impact system performance and energy consumption.
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying refers to the use of electronic communication platforms, such as social media, messaging apps, or online forums, to harass, intimidate, or harm individuals. Cyberbullies use these platforms to target and attack their victims, often causing emotional distress, social isolation, or reputational damage. Cyberbullying is a significant concern, particularly among young people, as it amplifies the reach and impact of traditional bullying behaviors.
Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity encompasses the practices, technologies, and measures implemented to protect computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a range of strategies, including network security, data protection, threat detection, incident response, and user awareness, to safeguard against cyber threats and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of digital assets.
Dark Web
The Dark Web refers to encrypted parts of the internet that are not indexed by search engines. It is often associated with illegal activities, as it provides a platform for criminals to communicate and share information anonymously. The Dark Web requires special software, such as Tor, to access, and users remain highly anonymous, making it difficult for law enforcement to trace their activities.
Data Breach
A data breach occurs when unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive or confidential data. This can happen due to various factors, such as system vulnerabilities, insider threats, or cyber attacks. Data breaches can result in the exposure of personal information, financial loss, reputational damage, and legal consequences.
Data Integrity
Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data throughout its lifecycle. It ensures that data remains unaltered and retains its intended meaning and value. Data integrity measures include validation, error detection, error correction, and access controls to prevent unauthorized modifications.
Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
Data Loss Prevention (DLP) is a set of tools, policies, and procedures designed to prevent the unauthorized disclosure, leakage, or loss of sensitive data. DLP solutions monitor and control data in motion, at rest, and in use to prevent data breaches, whether accidental or intentional. These solutions often involve encryption, access controls, content filtering, and user behavior monitoring.
Data Theft
Data theft refers to the intentional or unauthorized act of stealing sensitive or confidential data. It can occur through various means, such as hacking, social engineering, insider threats, or physical theft of devices containing data. Data theft can result in financial loss, privacy violations, identity theft, and other negative consequences for individuals and organizations.
DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service)
A DDoS attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a network, service, or website by overwhelming it with a flood of incoming traffic. These attacks involve multiple compromised devices, forming a botnet, and coordinating simultaneous requests to overwhelm the target’s resources, causing service disruption or downtime.
Decryption
Decryption is the process of converting encrypted or ciphertext data back into its original, readable form, known as plaintext. Decryption requires the appropriate decryption key or algorithm to reverse the encryption process and make the data accessible.
Detection And Response
Detection and response refer to the practices and technologies used to identify and respond to security incidents or threats. It involves monitoring systems and networks for suspicious activities, analyzing and investigating potential threats, and taking appropriate actions to mitigate or remediate the security issue.
Digital Forensics
Digital forensics is the process of collecting, analyzing, and preserving electronic evidence for investigative purposes. It involves the application of forensic techniques to extract and examine data from digital devices, networks, or storage media to uncover evidence of cybercrime, security breaches, or other digital incidents. Digital forensics aims to reconstruct events, identify perpetrators, and provide evidence that can be used in legal proceedings.
Digital Transformation
Digital transformation refers to the integration of digital technologies into various aspects of an organization’s operations, processes, and strategies. It involves leveraging technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and automation to improve efficiency, productivity, customer experience, and overall business performance.
Domain Name Systems (DNS) Exfiltration
DNS exfiltration is a technique used by attackers to steal data from a target network by bypassing traditional security measures. It involves using the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol to send sensitive information out of the network in DNS query or response packets, which are typically allowed through firewalls and security devices.
Drive-By Download Attack
A drive-by download attack is a type of cyber attack where malware is automatically downloaded onto a user’s device without their knowledge or consent. These attacks typically exploit vulnerabilities in web browsers, plugins, or other software, and can occur when a user visits a compromised or malicious website.
Encryption
Encryption is the process of converting plain, readable data (plaintext) into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using cryptographic algorithms and keys. Encryption is used to protect sensitive information during storage or transmission, ensuring that only authorized parties with the correct decryption key can access and understand the data.
Endpoint Protection
Endpoint Protection refers to a system for network security management that monitors network endpoints, such as workstations and mobile devices, from which a network is accessed. It aims to protect these endpoints from various threats, including malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches. Endpoint protection solutions typically include antivirus software, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and other security measures.
Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR)
Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) are tools for protecting computer endpoints from potential threats. EDR platforms comprise software and networking tools for detecting suspicious endpoint activities, usually through continuous network monitoring. They provide real-time visibility into endpoint activities, threat detection, incident response capabilities, and forensic analysis to help organizations identify and respond to security incidents.
Exploit
An exploit refers to the act of taking advantage of a vulnerability or flaw in a network system to penetrate or attack it. Exploits can be used by hackers to gain unauthorized access, execute malicious code, or perform other malicious activities on a target system.
Fast Identity Online (FIDO)
Fast Identity Online (FIDO) is a set of open authentication standards that enable a service provider to leverage existing technologies for passwordless authentication. FIDO aims to provide a more secure and user-friendly authentication experience by eliminating the need for traditional passwords and instead using methods such as biometrics or hardware tokens.
Fileless Malware
Fileless Malware (FM), also known as “non-malware” or “fileless infection,” is a form of malicious computer attack that exists exclusively within volatile data storage components such as RAM. Unlike traditional malware that resides in files on disk, fileless malware operates in memory and is difficult to detect by standard antivirus programs. It is typically delivered through visits to malicious websites and can be challenging to identify and remove from infected systems.
Firewall
A firewall is a security system that forms a virtual perimeter around a network of workstations, preventing viruses, worms, and hackers from penetrating. Firewalls monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules, helping to protect against unauthorized access and potential threats.
Greylist
A greylist contains items that are temporarily blocked or temporarily allowed until an additional step is performed. In the context of cybersecurity, a greylist is often used in email filtering to temporarily hold incoming emails from unknown senders until they are verified or approved. This helps to reduce spam and prevent potential threats.
Hacker
A hacker is a term commonly used to describe a person who tries to gain unauthorized access to a network or computer system. While the term can have both positive and negative connotations, in the context of cybersecurity, it generally refers to individuals who engage in malicious activities, such as exploiting vulnerabilities, stealing data, or disrupting systems.
Honeypot
Honeypots are computer security programs that simulate network resources that hackers are likely to look for, with the intention of luring them in and trapping them. By deploying honeypots, organizations can gather information about potential threats, monitor attacker behavior, and strengthen their overall cybersecurity defenses.
Identity And Access Management (IAM)
Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the process used by an organization to grant or deny access to a secure system. IAM involves managing user identities, defining their access privileges, and enforcing security policies. It includes activities such as user provisioning, authentication, authorization, and access control. IAM solutions help organizations ensure that only authorized individuals can access their systems and resources, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches.
Identity Theft
Identity theft occurs when a malicious actor gathers enough personal information from a victim (such as name, address, date of birth) to commit identity fraud. This involves using stolen credentials to obtain goods or services by deception. Stolen data can be used to create new accounts in the victim’s name, take over existing accounts, or carry out criminal activities while masquerading as the victim.
Indicators Of Compromise (IoC)
Indicators of Compromise (IoC) are pieces of forensic data, such as system log entries or files, that identify potentially malicious activity on a system or network. IoCs help information security and IT professionals detect data breaches, malware infections, or other threat activities by providing evidence of compromise.
In-line Network Device
An in-line network device is a device that receives packets and forwards them to their intended destination. Examples of in-line network devices include routers, switches, firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, web application firewalls, anti-malware solutions, and network taps. These devices play a crucial role in providing comprehensive cybersecurity protection to network traffic.
Insider Threat
An insider threat refers to a situation where an authorized system user, typically an employee or contractor, poses a threat to an organization due to their authorized access to sensitive information. Insider threats bypass perimeter-based security solutions and can potentially cause significant harm by leaking confidential data, sabotaging systems, or engaging in other malicious activities.
Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)
An Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) is a network security system designed to prevent network penetration by malicious actors. IPS monitors network traffic, identifies potential threats or attacks, and takes proactive measures to block or mitigate them. It acts as a barrier between the internal network and external threats, helping to maintain network security.
IoT (Internet of Things)
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data. These connected devices can communicate with each other and with centralized systems, creating opportunities for automation, improved efficiency, and new services. However, the proliferation of IoT devices also introduces new cybersecurity challenges.
Keylogger
A keylogger is a type of spyware software that records every keystroke made on a computer’s keyboard. It can capture and log everything a user types, including passwords, usernames, credit card information, and other sensitive data. Keyloggers are often used by malicious actors to steal personal information or gain unauthorized access to systems.
Malvertising
Malvertising refers to the use of online ads to distribute malicious programs. Cybercriminals embed malicious code or scripts in banner ads or redirect users who click on an ad to a page containing malware. Malvertising allows attackers to bypass ad network filters and deliver malware to unsuspecting users, potentially compromising their systems or stealing sensitive information.
Malware
Malware is a general term for any type of intrusive software with malicious intent. It includes various forms of malicious programs, such as viruses, worms, ransomware, spyware, and adware. Malware can cause damage to systems, steal sensitive data, or disrupt normal operations.
Man-in-the-Middle Attack
A man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack is an attack where an attacker secretly intercepts and possibly alters communications between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. The attacker positions themselves between the victim and the intended recipient, allowing them to eavesdrop on the communication, capture sensitive information, or manipulate the data being transmitted.
MITRE ATT&CK™ Framework
The MITRE ATT&CK™ Framework is a globally recognized knowledge base and framework that provides a comprehensive list of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used by adversaries during cyberattacks. It helps organizations understand and analyze the various stages of an attack and provides insights into potential defense strategies and countermeasures.
Network-based (cyber) Security
Network-based security refers to the measures and technologies implemented to protect computer networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and data breaches. It involves deploying security devices such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and network segmentation to monitor and control network traffic, detect and prevent threats, and safeguard network resources.
Parental Controls
Parental controls are features and settings that allow parents or guardians to manage and control the content and activities their children can access on digital devices and the internet. These controls can limit access to inappropriate content, set time limits for device usage, block certain websites or applications, and monitor online activities to ensure a safe and age-appropriate digital environment for children.
Patch
A patch refers to a software update or fix released by a software vendor to address vulnerabilities, bugs, or security issues in their software or operating systems. Patches are essential for maintaining the security and stability of software and are typically released periodically or as needed to address newly discovered vulnerabilities or bugs.
Pen Testing
Penetration testing, also known as pen testing or ethical hacking, is a security assessment technique that involves simulating real-world attacks on a system, network, or application to identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses. Penetration testers use a combination of manual and automated techniques to exploit vulnerabilities, gain unauthorized access, and provide recommendations for improving security.
Phishing
Phishing is a cyber attack technique where attackers masquerade as trustworthy entities, typically through email or other electronic communication, to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal data. Phishing attacks often involve creating fake websites or using social engineering tactics to deceive victims and steal their information.
PII (Personal Identifiable Information)
PII, or Personal Identifiable Information, refers to any information that can be used to identify an individual. This can include personally identifiable details such as full name, address, social security number, date of birth, email address, phone number, financial information, and more. Protecting PII is crucial to prevent identity theft and unauthorized access to personal information.
Process Hollowing
Process hollowing is a technique used by malware or malicious actors to hide their presence and evade detection. It involves creating a legitimate process in the operating system and then replacing its code with malicious code. This allows the attacker to execute their malicious activities within the context of a trusted process, making it harder for security measures to detect the malicious behavior.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim’s files or locks their system, rendering it inaccessible until a ransom is paid. Ransomware attacks often involve the threat of permanently deleting or publishing the victim’s data if the ransom is not paid within a specified timeframe. It is a significant cybersecurity threat that can cause severe financial and operational damage to individuals and organizations.
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft that allows users to remotely connect and control another computer or server over a network connection. RDP enables remote access to desktops, applications, and resources, facilitating remote administration and support. However, if not properly secured, RDP can be vulnerable to unauthorized access and exploitation.
Risktool
A risktool is a type of software or tool that may have legitimate purposes but can also be used for malicious activities. Risktools can include password cracking tools, network scanning tools, vulnerability scanners, and other software that can potentially be misused to compromise systems or networks.
Rootkit
A rootkit is a type of malicious software that is designed to gain unauthorized access to a computer system and remain hidden from detection. Rootkits are often used to provide privileged access to an attacker, allowing them to control the compromised system, steal data, or carry out other malicious activities. Rootkits are notoriously difficult to detect and remove.
Sandbox(ing)
Sandbox(ing) refers to the practice of isolating an application or process within a controlled and restricted environment to prevent it from affecting the rest of the system. Sandboxing is commonly used in cybersecurity to analyze and test potentially malicious files or programs in a safe environment, without risking the security or stability of the underlying system.
Scareware
Scareware refers to malicious software or deceptive tactics used to scare or trick users into believing their computer is infected with malware or other security threats. Scareware often presents fake or exaggerated security alerts, pop-ups, or warnings, urging users to purchase or download fake antivirus or security software to resolve the supposed issues. The primary goal is to trick users into providing payment or installing additional malware.
SECaaS (Security as a Service)
Security as a Service (SECaaS) is a cloud-based security model where security services and capabilities are delivered to organizations over the internet as a subscription-based service. SECaaS providers offer a range of security solutions, such as firewall management, intrusion detection and prevention, vulnerability scanning, threat intelligence, and more, without the need for organizations to invest in and maintain dedicated on-premises security infrastructure.
SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is a cryptographic protocol used to secure communications over the internet. SSL ensures that data transmitted between a web browser and a web server is encrypted and protected from eavesdropping or tampering. SSL certificates are used to establish a secure connection, commonly seen as the padlock symbol and “https” in a web browser’s address bar.
Security Incident Response
Security Incident Response refers to the process of detecting, analyzing, and responding to security incidents in an organization. It involves identifying and containing security breaches, investigating the root cause, mitigating the impact, and restoring normal operations. A well-defined incident response plan helps organizations effectively handle and recover from security incidents.
Security Operations Center (SOC)
A Security Operations Center (SOC) is a centralized team or facility responsible for monitoring, detecting, and responding to security incidents in an organization. SOC teams use various tools, technologies, and processes to monitor network and system activities, analyze security events, and respond to potential threats in real-time.
Security Perimeter
The security perimeter refers to the boundary or boundary controls that define and protect an organization’s network and information assets from external threats. It includes physical security measures, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, access controls, and other security technologies and practices implemented to secure the organization’s network and data.
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management)
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is a software solution that combines security event management (SEM) and security information management (SIM) capabilities. SIEM systems collect and analyze log data and security events from various sources within an organization’s network to detect and respond to security incidents. SIEM helps organizations identify patterns, detect anomalies, and correlate events to provide actionable insights for threat detection and response.
SIM Swapping
SIM swapping, also known as SIM hijacking, is a social engineering technique where an attacker convinces a mobile service provider to transfer a victim’s phone number to a SIM card controlled by the attacker. By gaining control of the victim’s phone number, the attacker can bypass two-factor authentication (2FA) and gain unauthorized access to the victim’s accounts or intercept sensitive information.
Sniffing
Sniffing refers to the unauthorized interception and monitoring of network traffic to capture and analyze data packets. Sniffing attacks can be used to eavesdrop on sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, or other confidential data, transmitted over a network. Attackers use specialized tools or software to capture network packets and extract valuable information.
SOAR (Security Orchestration, Automation and Response)
Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) is a technology solution that integrates security tools, processes, and workflows to automate and streamline security operations. SOAR platforms enable organizations to automate repetitive security tasks, orchestrate incident response processes, and improve overall security incident management.
Social Engineering
Social engineering is a technique used by attackers to manipulate individuals into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security. It involves psychological manipulation, deception, and exploiting human trust to trick individuals into revealing passwords, providing access to systems, or disclosing confidential information.
Spam
Spam refers to unsolicited or unwanted messages, typically sent via email, that are sent in bulk to a large number of recipients. Spam messages often contain advertisements, scams, or malicious content. Spam is a prevalent issue that can overload email systems, spread malware, and be used for phishing attacks.
Spear Phishing
Spear phishing is a targeted form of phishing attack that focuses on specific individuals or organizations. Attackers research their targets to create personalized and convincing emails or messages that appear legitimate. Spear phishing emails often trick recipients into clicking on malicious links, downloading malware, or providing sensitive information.
Spoofing
Spoofing refers to the act of impersonating another person, entity, or system to deceive or manipulate others. In the context of cybersecurity, spoofing can involve IP spoofing (manipulating the source IP address of network packets), email spoofing (sending emails with a forged sender address), or caller ID spoofing (manipulating the displayed phone number during a call).
Spyware
Spyware is malicious software that secretly gathers information about a user’s activities on a device without their knowledge or consent. Spyware can track keystrokes, capture screenshots, monitor internet browsing, and collect sensitive information. It is often installed unknowingly alongside legitimate software or through malicious downloads.
Threat Assessment
Threat assessment involves evaluating and identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities to an organization’s assets, systems, or operations. It involves analyzing the likelihood and potential impact of various threats to determine the level of risk and develop appropriate security measures and mitigation strategies.
Threat Hunting
Threat hunting is a proactive cybersecurity approach that involves actively searching for signs of malicious activity or potential threats within an organization’s network or systems. Threat hunters use various techniques, tools, and data analysis to identify indicators of compromise, detect advanced threats, and respond to security incidents.
Threat Intelligence
Threat intelligence refers to information about potential or existing threats that can help organizations understand and mitigate risks. It includes data on threat actors, their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), indicators of compromise (IOCs), and emerging vulnerabilities. Threat intelligence is used to enhance threat detection, response, and overall cybersecurity posture.
Trojan
A Trojan, or Trojan horse, is a type of malicious software that disguises itself as legitimate or desirable software to deceive users. Once installed, Trojans can perform various malicious activities, such as stealing sensitive information, providing unauthorized access to systems, or delivering other types of malware.
Two-factor Authentication (2FA)
Two-factor authentication is a security mechanism that requires users to provide two different forms of identification or verification to access a system or account. It typically involves combining something the user knows (e.g., a password) with something they possess (e.g., a unique code sent to their mobile device) to enhance security and prevent unauthorized access.
Two-step Authentication
Two-step authentication is a similar security mechanism to two-factor authentication (2FA). It involves a two-step verification process, typically using a combination of a password and a secondary verification method (e.g., a one-time code sent via email or SMS), to add an extra layer of security to an account or system.
Virus
A virus is a type of malicious software that can replicate itself and spread to other files or systems. Viruses are designed to cause harm, disrupt operations, or steal information. They often require human interaction or the execution of an infected file to spread and infect other systems.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a secure and encrypted connection that allows users to access a private network over a public network, such as the internet. VPNs provide privacy and security by creating a secure tunnel between the user’s device and the network, preventing unauthorized access or eavesdropping.
Vulnerability
A vulnerability refers to a weakness or flaw in a system, application, or network that can be exploited by attackers to compromise security. Vulnerabilities can be caused by software bugs, misconfigurations, or design flaws. Identifying and patching vulnerabilities is crucial to prevent potential attacks and maintain system integrity.
WAF (Web Application Firewall)
A Web Application Firewall (WAF) is a security solution that protects web applications from various attacks, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. WAFs monitor and filter incoming web traffic, blocking malicious requests and protecting against known and emerging threats.
White Hat – Black Hat
White Hat and Black Hat are terms used to describe ethical and malicious hackers, respectively. White Hat hackers, also known as ethical hackers or security professionals, use their skills to identify vulnerabilities, test security measures, and help organizations improve their security. Black Hat hackers, on the other hand, engage in unauthorized activities, exploit vulnerabilities, and carry out malicious actions for personal gain or harm.
Zero-day Exploit
A zero-day exploit refers to a vulnerability or software flaw that is unknown to the software vendor or has no available patch or fix. Attackers can exploit zero-day vulnerabilities before they are discovered or patched, making them particularly dangerous. Zero-day exploits are often sold on the black market or used by advanced threat actors for targeted attacks.
Zero-touch Provisioning or Deployment
Zero-touch provisioning or deployment is a process where devices, such as computers or mobile devices, are automatically configured and set up without requiring manual intervention. It reduces the need for manual device provisioning, streamlines deployment processes, and ensures consistency and security in device configurations.
Whitelist/Allowlist
A whitelist, also known as an allowlist, is a list of trusted entities, applications, or processes that are explicitly allowed or granted access to a system or network. It is used as a security measure to restrict access to only known and approved entities, reducing the risk of unauthorized access or malicious activities.
Worm
A worm is a type of self-replicating malware that spreads across networks and systems without requiring user intervention. Worms exploit vulnerabilities to automatically replicate and infect other devices, often causing network congestion, system slowdowns, or unauthorized activities.
