What we know so far about the UK riots

Towns and cities across the UK have been shaken by a week of riots, fuelled by online misinformation and extremist views, following a deadly knife attack in the town of Southport.

The unrest has led to the arrest of at least 378 rioters as the events spread from England’s north-west, where the attack occurred, to the north-east, London and even Belfast in Northern Ireland.

The disturbance has authorities contending with false claims online, while trying to de-escalate “far-right thuggery” on city streets. Britain’s Home Secretary, Yvette Cooper, has promised “a reckoning for criminals and thugs who took part in violence on streets, burning buildings, attacks on mosques, looting shops and the whipping up of racist violence online”.

Why are there riots in Britain?

Three children, girls aged six, seven and nine, were killed in a stabbing attack that also injured five children and two adults at a Taylor Swift-themed dance and yoga class on July 29, in Southport, 30 kilometres north of Liverpool.

Police arrested 17-year-old Axel Muganwa Rudakubana about eight kilometres from where the attack occurred, and charged him with three counts of murder and 10 counts of attempted murder.

A judge ruled that Rudakubana, who will turn 18 this month, could be named, despite British laws that prevent the identification of children and youths involved in criminal proceedings.

However, before his identity was confirmed, false information spread online that he was an asylum seeker who had arrived in the UK by boat. There was also unfounded speculation that he was Muslim, despite police saying he had no known links to Islam.

In 2023, 1.2 million people migrated to the UK and 532,000 left, leaving a net migration figure of 685,000, says Britain’s Office for National Statistics. Asylum seekers accounted for 7 per cent of migrants, reported Oxford University’s Migration Observatory.

Where have the riots taken place?

Hundreds of rioters took to the streets of Southport the day after the attack, just hours after mourners had gathered for a vigil for the girls killed.

A large group of people, who police said included supporters of the far right, threw items towards a local mosque. Meanwhile, a van was set alight, more than 50 police officers were injured and shops were broken into.

Riots spread to Manchester and London the next day, where anti-immigration rioters clashed with police outside Downing Street. Police arrested more than 100 people there after rioters attacked officers and threw flares. In Aldershot, south-west of London, 200 people rallied outside a hotel used to house asylum seekers.

Disorder continued to spread at the weekend, mostly in the north. Rioters, some wearing masks, smashed windows and set a car on fire in the town of Middlesbrough, while in Belfast, anti-immigration protests were met with counter-protesters, holding signs reading “no space for hate”.

Are far-right figures inciting the riots?

The riots came a week after Tommy Robinson, a British anti-Islam campaigner who founded the English Defence League, hosted a far-right rally in Trafalgar Square in central London.

Robinson, whose real name is Stephen Yaxley-Lennon, played a video during the rally that made false claims about a Syrian refugee. The video had previously led to him losing a libel case in 2021.

Monash University professor Ben Wellings, an expert on the politics of nationalism in the UK, says the rally fanned an atmosphere of far-right rage before the attack in Southport.

Less than two hours after the stabbing in Southport, a social media user known as European Invasion posted the false claim on X that the attacker was “alleged to be a Muslim immigrant”, a claim later repeated on Facebook and Telegram.

While various protest movements have opposed immigration in the UK since the 1950s, Wellings says the key difference in these riots is that social media has allowed misinformation to proliferate among networks that might only share a loose connection.

“There may not even be a network in the way that we understand it, but people who are willing to be mobilised on these emotive issues,” Wellings says. “Whether it’s people stoking fears over migration more broadly, or asylum seekers specifically; there could be a mixture of people and mixture of motivations.”

What has the British government said?

British Prime Minister Keir Starmer has said the rioters came from a minority who “do not speak for Britain”. He has announced a “standing army” of specialist police officers to bolster resources, and intends to “ramp up” the criminal justice system to process the large number of arrests.

He has said he expects police to pursue people who have incited violence online, as well as those directly participating in the riots. The government has levelled criticism at social media companies for not doing enough to prevent the spread of misinformation. Bots are also involved that “can be linked to state-backed activity”, according to a spokesperson for Starmer.

British MP Nigel Farage, founder of the far-right Reform party, says the riots are “a reaction to fear, to discomfort, to unease that is out there shared by tens of millions of people”.

Did Australia raise its terror threat level as a result?

on Monday, ASIO raised its terror threat level from “possible” to “probable” for the first time in more than a decade. ASIO director-general Mike Burgess said the change had come as “more Australians are embracing a more diverse range of extreme ideologies and more Australians are willing to use violence to advance their cause”.

Asked if he was worried about a UK-style scenario in Australia, he said: “In terms of what’s happening in the United Kingdom, we stay close with our mates and understand what are the drivers there. Every case is different. It’s concerning behaviour, but looking behind that is important.”

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said in response to the riots that people needed to “turn down the heat” in the political debate, saying: “It breaks your heart to see the anger, which is there from so many people.”